Defending the Christian Faith
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Sickle Cell Disease-An Example of the Impact of Mutations and of Gene Mutational Load

Thallesemia/Sickle Cell Anemia: Examples of Harmful Mutations Always (with variable impact).

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See link to article on Mutation and Design in Cellular Metabolism below for more information. Written in 1986.
Mutation and Design in Cellular Metabolism-CMI
Also brief summary on Mutation and Design, written 1984, below.
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Mutation and Design in the Genome-CMI

More Evidence for the Reality of Genetic Entropy  4-2019

"Our basic claim is that ‘genetic entropy’ works in the real world, which brings questions about the role of natural selection and the long-term survival of species into the future…The paper analyzed mutation accumulation in the human H1N1 influenza genome using over 95 years’ worth of genetic sequences…We provided data that more than suggests that the various influenza viruses that infect humans cannot survive long term, and we were the first to notice the disappearance of the human version of the H1N1 influenza virus in mid-2009…We discussed the 2009-2010 ‘swine’ flu outbreak, noting that it was far less serious than expected, and that this was probably due to the fact that the virus had picked up thousands of mutations and was much less robust compared to the original H1N1 ancestral …accumulating mutations are not silent, even those that do not affect the amino acid chain of a protein, because codon usage influences translation efficiency…" ​See rest of article below.

Genetic Entropy-CMI

Human Genome Decay-2014

"Recent reports on the human genome provide powerful support for the biblical history of Creation and Fall. We are unable to reproduce ourselves without making multiple genome copying errors every generation. As a result our genomes are decaying towards extinction from copy errors alone. However, they make up only 0.1% of the total mutation burden, so 99.9% of that burden must have come from other causes. When decay in copy fidelity is projected backwards in time it reaches perfection around 4,000 BC, and when projected forwards, extinction from copy errors alone occurs in thousands, not millions, of years." By Alex Williams See Link at CMI below. Note: bold lettering applied by JGL for emphasis.
Human Genome Decay-CMI

Human Gene Mutation Database Information 2014

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Vitamin C Deficiency: An Excellent Example of Genetic Deterioration Through Mutational Processes-2014

The Human GULO Pseudogene-Evidence for Evolutionary Discontinuity and Genetic Entropy by Jeffrey Tomkins  Answers Research Journal 7(2014): 91-101

...This wealth of data has revealed wide-spread genetic entropy in human and other genomes. Loss of the vitamin C pathway due to deletions in the GULO (L-gulonolactone oxidase) gene has been detected in humans, apes, guinea pigs, bats, mice, rats, pigs, and passerine birds. Contrary to the popularized claims of some evolutionists and neo-creationists, patterns of GULO degradation are taxonomically restricted and fail to support macroevolution. Current research and data reported here show that multiple GULO exon losses in human, chimpanzee, and gorilla occurred independently in each taxon and are associated with regions containing a wide variety of transposable element fragments...Taxonomically restricted gene degradation events are emerging as a common theme associated with genetic entropy and systematic discontinuity, not macroevolution..." 
See rest of article below at link below:
GLUO Pseudogene
Please note that the data collection is ongoing.More and more DNA fragmentation is being identified and associated with varying degrees of disease expression. Mutations are not the building blocks for evolution. They are the evidence for life forms deteriorating. This is consistent with the Creation being good in the beginning and then through sin death entered the creation and with it the degradation of the Creation.
Some Groups espousing to be Christians have attempted to use the GULO pseudo gene as evidence for evolution.The above article has argued strongly against the claims of evolutionary relationships based on the GULO pseudogene.

​The article below is a summary argument against the views of many of those same groups that would deny the observations of gene entropy.I appreciate so much the works of Dr John Sanford,  Dr. Jerry Tomkins and Dr Robert Carter 

Critic ignores reality of Genetic Entropy The author of a landmark book on genomic decay responds to unsustainable criticisms. by Dr John Sanford-2013

A section from the article: "Is there a theoretical problem associated with continuously growing genetic load due to subtle un-selectable deleterious mutations? Yes, according to Muller, Kondrashov, Loewe, and many others. Population geneticists all seem to acknowledge the fact that a large fraction of deleterious mutations are too subtle to be effectively selected away. The question is, what is that fraction? At what point does the fitness effect of a deleterious mutation become too small to be selected away? I have been studying this for about 7 years. Our numerical simulations indicate that for higher organisms, up to 90% of all deleterious mutations should be un-selectable (in press). This manuscript was previously sent to Scott, but it seems he did not read it. Can Scott explain away this theoretical problem?"

​Note Scott Buchanan was critical of gene entropy.and accepts evolution as God's way of making the life in the universe. He discussed this in his "Letters to Creationists. Evolution and Faith: My Story Part 2." Sadly, I believe he has compromised the scriptures and science. 
Gene Entropy

The Origin of Bubonic Plague  4-2006 
by Allen Gillen and Frank Sherwin  

"Many infectious diseases can be traced back to the decay and corruption of the original created design of microorganisms as a result of the Fall. Corruption literally means to destroy (from the Latin corruptus). The origin of pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria such as Y. pestis is complex and multifaceted, and may be explained by a combination of genes that were lost, added and moved. The story of Yersinia’s degeneration into the plague pathogen may serve as a model of ‘fast’ genomic decay and corruption." See rest of article below.
Origin of Bubonic Plague-CMI

Metamorphosis: Profoundly Complex And At Risk To Genetic Mutations

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It is unclear what role metmorphosis may have played before the corruption of the Creation and how much it may have changed, but it is a marvelously complex process that can be easily broken at multiple steps by mutational processes. It is probable that these types of mutations are uniformly lethal.

Hybridization Does Not Remove Weaker Strains (in one experiment)-2010

Retention of low-fitness genotypes over six decades of admixture between native and introduced tiger salamanders  Jarrett R Johnson,  Benjamin M Fitzpatrick &  H Bradley Shaffer   BMC Evolutionary Biology volume 10, Article number: 147 (2010)   
Extract
“Introductions of non-native tiger salamanders into the range of California tiger salamanders have provided a rare opportunity to study the early stages of secondary contact and hybridization… We also created contemporary-generation hybrids in the lab and evaluated the extent to which selection has affected fitness over approximately 20 generations of admixture… We found significant variation in the fitness of hybrids, with non-native backcrosses experiencing the highest survival and F2 hybrids the lowest… The persistence of low-viability recombinant hybrid genotypes in some contemporary populations illustrates that while hybridization can provide a potent source of genetic variation upon which natural selection can act, the sorting of fit from unfit gene combinations might be inefficient in highly admixed populations… Lastly, our comparison of early-generation hybrids with contemporary-generation hybrids demonstrates that selection has not been successful in eliminating unfit genotypes from some wild populations…” JGL-Please note they assume evolution and find the results surprising.
Hybridization

Beneficial Mutations Not Found-2014

Beneficial mutations: real or imaginary?—part 1 Alex Williams
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Randomly occurring beneficial mutations lie at the heart of Darwinian evolution. Without them there is no mechanism by which a single originating cell could have diversified into the myriad species that we see on Earth and in the fossil record today. But according to recent reports on the human genome, mutations are being classified into just two categories—‘deleterious’ and ‘functional’. Beneficial mutations are not being catalogued…Beneficial mutations are simply assumed to exist because Darwinian theory demands that they exist…recent reports on the human genome that beneficial mutations have not been found. Only ‘deleterious’ and ‘functional’ mutations have been documented...  (2014)

Beneficial Mutations NOT Found